中国对铟铋钨碲钼实施出口管制五类战略金属“断供”冲击全球军工命脉

基础金属	铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁
稀有金属	稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒
新能源	锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

基础金属

铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁

稀有金属

稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼 稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆 贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒

新能源

锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰 锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

中国对铟铋钨碲钼实施出口管制五类战略金属“断供”冲击全球军工命脉

2025-02-18 16:04:00 来源：北方有色网责任编辑：韩泽楷

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一、政策核心：五类战略金属及技术出口受限

2025年2月4日，中国商务部及海关总署发布公告，对钨、碲、铋、钼、铟相关物项实施出口管制，涉及25种金属产品及其生产技术。

管制范围包括：

高纯度材料：如仲钨酸铵（APT）、碲化镉（光伏薄膜核心）、6N级铟锭（半导体靶材）；
军工级制品：密度>17.5g/cm³的钨镍合金（导弹部件）、粒径≤50μm的钼粉（航空发动机涂层）；
核心技术：涵盖提纯工艺参数、熔炼程序等，防止技术外溢。

二、战略意义：从资源输出到技术卡位

国家安全考量
钨（全球产量占比81%）、铋（储量占全球24万吨）等金属是红外制导、卫星光伏、5G光纤等关键领域的基础材料。例如，单枚东风-17导弹需2.5kg高纯钨，星链卫星单星消耗15kg锗基光伏材料。此次管制直指美国军工供应链短板，F-35战机交付已因镓锗断供受。
产业链升级倒逼

中国虽主导全球铟（产量占75%）、碲（占60%）供应，但高端应用依赖进口。例如，高纯铟靶材被日企垄断，此次管制推动国内企业向精深加工转型，如云南锗业6N级锗量产突破。
国际规则博弈
回应美国《芯片与科学法案》对华技术封锁，中国通过资源反制争夺定价权。欧盟已启动4亿欧元计划降低对华依赖，但短期内难改格局。

三、市场冲击：海外价格飙涨与供应焦虑

价格异动
- 铋价单周暴涨38%至8.25美元/磅（十年新高），因中国占全球供应80%；
- 钨价突破13500元/千克（半年涨70%），光伏级锗片报价跳涨12%。
供应链重构挑战
- 美国军工企业面临断供风险：63%的铋、58%的钨依赖中国进口，国防储备几近空白；
- 欧盟加速再生技术研发，目标2030年再生锗占比提至30%，但成本高昂（提纯成本增40%）。

四、国内影响：龙头企业受益与行业洗牌

竞争优势集中化
- 驰宏锌锗（铋产量全球28%）、云南锗业（6N锗技术突破）等掌握资源-技术全链条的企业将主导市场；
- 深加工毛利率达60%（如高纯铟靶材），远高于矿产端35%。
中小企业承压
- 出口占比低的初级产品企业（如APT出口仅占产量0.78%）面临转型压力，环保与技术投入门槛提升。

五、未来展望：技术替代与全球博弈深化

替代材料研发
- 美国加速硫系玻璃（红外透镜成本降30%）和硅基光子技术，但热稳定性与传输距离存短板；
- 中国布局锗烯半导体、铋基量子点探测器等前沿领域，专利数占全球48%。
地缘政治连锁反应
- 美国或联合澳大利亚重启Mount Pleasant锗矿，但投产周期需3-5年；
- 中国对刚果（金）铜钴伴生锗资源加速布局，远期或重构全球供应链。

结论：此次出口管制不仅是对关键资源的战略防御，更是中国争夺全球高科技产业链话语权的关键落子。短期将加剧国际市场波动，长期倒逼国内产业升级与国际规则重塑。

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中国对铟铋钨碲钼实施出口管制 五类战略金属“断供”冲击全球军工命脉

一、政策核心：五类战略金属及技术出口受限

二、战略意义：从资源输出到技术卡位

三、市场冲击：海外价格飙涨与供应焦虑

四、国内影响：龙头企业受益与行业洗牌

五、未来展望：技术替代与全球博弈深化

有色金属报告推荐

中国对铟铋钨碲钼实施出口管制五类战略金属“断供”冲击全球军工命脉