特朗普宣布扩大关键矿物生产美媒称难破中国供应链主导地位

基础金属	铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁
稀有金属	稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒
新能源	锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

基础金属

铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁

稀有金属

稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼 稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆 贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒

新能源

锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰 锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

特朗普宣布扩大关键矿物生产美媒称难破中国供应链主导地位

2025-03-07 10:26:57 来源：北方有色网责任编辑：管理员

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当地时间 3 月 4 日，美国总统特朗普在国会联席会议发表政策演讲时宣布，将在本周晚些时候采取 “历史性行动”，大幅扩大美国本土关键矿物和稀土资源的生产规模。这一表态被外界视为美国重塑供应链安全、减少对华依赖的重要信号，但业内人士指出，美国在加工能力、成本控制等方面仍面临多重挑战。

政策瞄准 “国家安全与经济命脉”

特朗普在演讲中强调，石墨、锂、铀及 17 种稀土元素对美国经济增长和国家安全至关重要，广泛应用于电子产品、清洁能源技术及军工领域。他特别指出，美国当前在 35 种关键矿产中有 14 种对中国依赖度超过 50%，其中高纯度石墨 95% 依赖进口，锂精炼产能 60% 由中国掌控。“我们不能将经济命脉拱手相让。” 特朗普称，新举措将涵盖资源勘探、开采及加工全链条，目标是在 5 年内将本土关键矿物产量提升 40%。

本土开发面临现实困境

尽管美国拥有丰富的锂、钴、镍等资源储备，但长期以来因环保法规严格、开采成本高昂及加工环节外包，本土产业链发展滞后。数据显示，美国稀土储量仅占全球 1.25%，且缺乏完整的精炼体系，现有稀土矿需运至中国加工后再返销国内。此外，美国本土锂矿开采成本较澳大利亚高出 30%，而石墨提纯技术长期被亚洲企业垄断。

此前，特朗普政府曾试图通过与乌克兰签署矿产协议获取资源，但因双方在利益分配上存在严重分歧而搁置。分析指出，此次转向本土开发既是战略调整，也反映出海外布局受阻的现实。

专家质疑政策可行性

美国智库战略与国际研究中心（CSIS）指出，重建完整的稀土产业链至少需要 10 年时间和数千亿美元投资，且面临技术壁垒与环境压力。例如，稀土分离过程中产生的放射性尾矿处理问题，可能引发新的环保争议。此外，美国《通胀削减法案》虽提供税收优惠，但难以抵消中国在规模效应和成本控制上的优势。

“特朗普的表态更多是政治宣示。” 华尔街日报评论称，美国企业对本土开采的经济性存疑，而加工环节的短板短期内无法突破。数据显示，2024 年美国进口稀土中仍有 82% 来自中国，本土企业在全球市场份额不足 3%。

国际博弈与地缘影响

此次政策调整正值全球供应链重构加速期。中国作为全球最大稀土生产国，掌控着 60% 的产能和 85% 的高端加工能力。美国扩大本土生产的举措，被视为对中国主导地位的直接挑战。有分析认为，美国可能通过技术封锁、关税壁垒等手段强化供应链安全，但这也可能引发国际市场价格波动。

值得注意的是，特朗普在演讲中同时呼吁废除拜登政府的《芯片法案》520 亿美元补贴计划，将资金转向债务削减。这一决定被解读为政府优先事项的调整，凸显在财政压力下平衡产业政策与经济稳定的难题。

目前，特朗普政府已要求能源部与内政部协同制定具体实施方案，预计将涉及放松环保限制、简化审批流程及提供联邦补贴等措施。但业内普遍认为，美国要实现稀土自主化，仍需在技术创新、国际合作及政策连贯性上取得突破。

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特朗普宣布扩大关键矿物生产 美媒称难破中国供应链主导地位

政策瞄准 “国家安全与经济命脉”

本土开发面临现实困境

专家质疑政策可行性

国际博弈与地缘影响

有色金属报告推荐

特朗普宣布扩大关键矿物生产美媒称难破中国供应链主导地位