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美欧贸易磋商陷僵局：钢铝关税与数字法规的博弈

2025-11-25 16:53:37 来源：北方有色网责任编辑：王欣悦

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布鲁塞尔当地时间周一，美国商务部长霍华德·卢特尼克与贸易代表格里尔展开了自今年7月美欧达成初步贸易协议后的首次正式访欧行程。此次访问的核心议题聚焦钢铝关税减免与数字法规调整，但双方在关键诉求上的对立立场，使得谈判从一开始就陷入僵局。

卢特尼克在访问期间明确抛出“交易筹码”：欧盟需修改其现行数字法规，作为美国提出“有利钢铝协议”的交换条件。“我们正在与他们讨论取消欧盟的科技行业规定，”卢特尼克在磋商中表示，“作为交换，我们将提出一项不错的钢铁和铝协议。”他进一步强调，任何钢铝关税减免协议的达成，都必须以欧盟放宽对美国主要科技公司的监管限制为前提。

据悉，卢特尼克与格里尔已于周一会晤欧盟技术主管Henna Virkkunen，就数字法规调整议题进行专项磋商，随后与欧盟贸易部长举行工作午餐延续讨论。为增强提议吸引力，卢特尼克宣称：“如果他们放开这个监管框架，为美国企业创造更友好的环境，他们就能从数千亿，甚至万亿的投资中获益。”当前，美国对来自欧盟的钢铁和铝产品正征收高达50%的关税，这一数字较2025年3月前的标准已显著提升。

面对美方的“交易提议”，欧盟方面明确表达了反对态度。欧盟委员会副主席Teresa Ribera在周一晚些时候发布的声明中强硬表态：“欧洲的数字准则不容谈判。”她指出，欧盟制定的数字监管规则旨在确保公平市场竞争、保护消费者基本权益，同时保障欧洲数字经济的自主发展未来，这一核心目标不会因贸易谈判而动摇。

欧盟的坚定立场源于其近年来构建的完善数字监管体系。目前欧盟实施的《数字服务法案》(DSA)与《数字市场法案》(DMA)构成了监管核心框架，前者针对社交媒体、电商平台等在线服务制定安全标准，禁止定向推送未成年人广告、规范非法内容治理，后者则聚焦“守门人”平台的公平竞争义务，禁止自我优待、保障第三方服务 interoperability(互操作性)等。这些法规自2023年陆续生效以来，已成为欧盟维护数字主权的重要基石。

此次磋商的僵局并非偶然，而是美欧贸易摩擦长期化的缩影。2025年3月，美国取消欧盟钢铝关税豁免并将税率统一提升至25%后，欧盟随即宣布对价值260亿欧元的美国商品启动反制关税，双方贸易摩擦一度升级。尽管4月欧盟同意将反制措施暂停90天以预留谈判空间，但核心分歧始终未能弥合。美方试图以关税减免为杠杆突破欧盟数字监管壁垒，而欧盟则坚守监管主权，这场围绕经济利益与规则主导权的博弈仍将持续。

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