厄瓜多尔解冻矿业命脉采矿登记处七年来首度重启，全球矿企抢滩百亿级资源赛道

基础金属	铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁
稀有金属	稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒
新能源	锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

基础金属

铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁

稀有金属

稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼 稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆 贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒

新能源

锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰 锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

厄瓜多尔解冻矿业命脉采矿登记处七年来首度重启，全球矿企抢滩百亿级资源赛道

2025-06-18 13:47:56 来源：北方有色网责任编辑：韩泽楷

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导语

历经2555天的政策冰封期，赤道之国的地质宝藏终于向世界重启大门！厄瓜多尔政府于2025年6月16日正式激活国家采矿地籍系统，拉开分阶段开放特许权授予的序幕。这场牵动国际矿业神经的破冰行动，或将重塑南美矿产资源权力版图。

一、历史性转折：分阶段开放的战略路线

七年政策冻结终结 自2018年因特许权制度违规争议关闭登记处以来，厄瓜多尔未新增任何采矿许可，导致240份积压申请深陷审批泥潭，国际巨头Fortescue等企业相继撤离。本次重启规划三步走路径：

2025年6月：优先开放非金属小规模采矿（水泥用石灰岩、陶瓷黏土等）
2025年9月：启动金属小规模采矿许可（日开采量≤300吨）
2026年初：全面开放中大型规模采矿特许权

监管同步升级

武装反非法：授权环境部、能源部联合警察及军队打击非法采矿，覆盖全国24省中的19个热点区域
数字治理：升级地籍系统为透明化信息平台，强制登记矿权、勘探及开采许可状态

二、经济突围：资源主权与百亿投资的博弈

资源潜力亟待释放

土地现状：全国仅7%国土授予特许权（1536个项目/108.8万公顷），20%为禁止采矿的保护区，剩余73%土地待合规开发
战略价值：8个核心矿产项目预计引资140亿美元（占GDP 14%），Cascabel铜矿、Cangrejos金矿成焦点

外资争夺战升温

巨头布局：加拿大Lundin Gold（控股Aurelian）、澳大利亚SolGold、中国Junefield和CRCC Tongguan等已落子
国资优先权：国有矿业公司ENAMI享特许申请优先资格，本土化要求凸显

三、政策震荡：检查费争议与合规风暴

监管成本激增引行业反弹 政府拟对矿企开征年度检查费，目标年增收2.29亿美元用于强化ARCOM（矿业管控机构）监管能力：

企业压力：初级勘探公司Aurania测算称，新费率达现有特许权费的10倍
博弈进展：矿业商会紧急谈判后，政府已释放“延期征收”信号，技术对话持续进行

历史欠账清理 能源部启动240个闲置特许权审查（涉及48亿美元承诺投资），未履约项目或遭撤销并国际拍卖。矿业副部长哈维尔·苏比亚直言：“这些空置矿区已成非法采矿温床”。

四、中国坐标：自贸红利下的风险与机遇

中厄合作新支点

自贸协定生效：2024年5月1日中厄自贸协定落地，90%税目产品关税逐步取消，铜精矿、黄金贸易通道拓宽
现存项目标杆： ▶️ 米拉多铜矿（铜陵有色控股）2023年产铜12.65万吨，2025年1月克服限电恢复双系列生产 ▶️ 拉普拉塔项目采矿权获延至2049年，加拿大阿蒂科矿业加速开发VMS型高品位矿体

风险暗涌

社会冲突：原住民联合会（Conaie）及反采矿阵线持续抗议，事前咨询法缺失埋隐患
治安恶化：2024年全国进入紧急状态，武装冲突频发成运营挑战

五、全球棋局：供应链重构的关键落子

补位铜缺口 在全球能源转型驱动铜需求激增的背景下：

厄产能潜力：2023年矿业出口破30亿美元（铜/金/银为主），目标跻身拉美前五大产铜国
竞争窗口期：必和必拓Olympic Dam停产、自由港印尼销售推迟，加速资源争夺

绿色矿业命题 矿业部长伊内斯·曼萨诺强调：“开放须伴随负责任开发——对环境尽责，与社区共生”。政府要求企业提交生物多样性补偿方案，电动矿卡、无人开采技术成雨林作业强制选项。

文末结语

当赤道之国重新点燃矿权登记的绿灯，这场解冻既是厄瓜多尔经济自救的背水一战，亦成为检验全球矿业“责任革命”的试金石。在诺沃亚政府“吸引合规外资”与“绞杀非法采矿”的双轨战略下，谁能率先穿越政策雷区，谁就将握紧安第斯山脉下沸腾的金属脉搏。

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厄瓜多尔解冻矿业命脉 采矿登记处七年来首度重启，全球矿企抢滩百亿级资源赛道

一、历史性转折：分阶段开放的战略路线

二、经济突围：资源主权与百亿投资的博弈

三、政策震荡：检查费争议与合规风暴

四、中国坐标：自贸红利下的风险与机遇

五、全球棋局：供应链重构的关键落子

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