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特朗普政府宣布对进口啤酒及空铝罐加征 25% 关税

2025-04-03 11:33:52 来源：北方有色网责任编辑：管理员

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当地时间 4 月 3 日，美国商务部发布公告称，将从 4 月 4 日起对所有进口啤酒及空铝罐加征 25% 关税，这一举措被纳入特朗普政府扩大铝制品关税的政策框架。根据美国统计局数据，2024 年美国啤酒进口总额达 75 亿美元，其中墨西哥以 63 亿美元的进口额占据主导地位，荷兰、爱尔兰和加拿大分列其后，进口额分别为 6.83 亿、1.92 亿和 7300 万美元。

此次关税调整将直接冲击美国啤酒供应链。数据显示，墨西哥啤酒占据美国进口市场的 84% 份额，其中科罗娜、莫德罗等品牌通过 NAFTA 框架下的零关税政策长期主导美国市场。随着关税生效，墨西哥啤酒在美国的终端售价预计将上涨 16%-20%，部分经销商已提前启动囤货计划，将订单量提升至平时的三倍。

值得注意的是，此次关税政策与美墨加协定（USMCA）存在潜在冲突。根据该协定第 32 章规定，三国间贸易需满足严格的原产地规则，但美国政府以 "国家安全" 为由，未对符合协定标准的进口产品实施豁免。墨西哥政府已明确表示将启动 WTO 申诉机制，并考虑对美国农产品采取报复性关税。

特朗普政府同期还宣布对欧盟、日本等贸易伙伴实施差异化关税政策，其中欧盟面临 20% 的整体关税，越南、柬埔寨等东南亚国家则被加征最高 49% 的关税。这些举措旨在降低美国贸易逆差，推动供应链回流。数据显示，2024 年美国商品贸易逆差达 1.2 万亿美元，其中汽车及零部件占比超 30%。

受关税消息影响，美股期货市场出现剧烈波动。标普 500 指数期货在政策公布后半小时内下跌 1.9%，纳指期货跌幅扩大至 2.7%。经济学家警告，关税叠加高利率环境可能使美国 GDP 增速在 2025 年放缓至 1.5% 以下，通胀压力也将因进口成本上升而加剧。

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