国际能源署警告：关键矿物精炼高度集中威胁全球供应链

基础金属	铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁
稀有金属	稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒
新能源	锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

基础金属

铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁

稀有金属

稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼 稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆 贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒

新能源

锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰 锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

国际能源署警告：关键矿物精炼高度集中威胁全球供应链

2025-05-22 14:36:33 来源：The edge 责任编辑：管理员

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（5 月 21 日电）国际能源署（IEA）一份报告指出，由于关键矿产高度集中在少数国家，且出口限制措施不断蔓延，其面临 “痛苦中断” 的风险日益加剧。

根据该机构周三发布的《2025 年展望》，供应链多元化进程将较为缓慢。报告称，去年相关支出增长放缓、勘探活动停滞，同时初创企业融资也显露出放缓迹象，投资动力已有所减弱。

对于铜、锂、镍、钴、石墨和稀土元素，国际能源署指出，2024 年前三大生产国的平均市场份额升至 86%，且几乎所有供应增长都集中在单一供应国 —— 镍的供应增长主要来自印度尼西亚，其他矿产则主要来自中国。

国际能源署表示，报告涵盖的与能源相关的战略矿产中，55% 目前受到某种形式的出口管制。与此同时，限制措施的范围正在扩大，不仅涉及原材料和精炼材料，还包括加工技术。

在国际能源署分析的 20 种矿产中，中国是 19 种矿产的主要精炼国，平均市场份额约为 70%。报告称，尽管某些矿产的市场规模可能较小，但供应中断可能产生巨大的经济影响，且其中 15 种矿产的价格波动已超过石油。

国际能源署强调，随着各国纷纷着手扩建电力网络，铜市场面临重大风险，而目前的矿山项目储备显示，到 2035 年铜供应将出现 30% 的缺口。

对于电池金属，在中国、印度尼西亚和非洲部分地区的主导下，供应大幅增加已对价格形成下行压力。各类电池技术也面临高度集中风险，中国控制着硫酸锰、磷酸等关键组件的供应链。

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国际能源署警告：关键矿物精炼高度集中威胁全球供应链

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