贸易休战下稀土供应链压力仍持续

基础金属	铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁
稀有金属	稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒
新能源	锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

基础金属

铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁

稀有金属

稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼 稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆 贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒

新能源

锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰 锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

贸易休战下稀土供应链压力仍持续

2025-05-26 12:00:17 来源：汽油价格网责任编辑：管理员

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贸易休战下中国维持七类关键稀土出口限制，全球制造商担忧加剧

尽管关税暂时休战，中国仍对七种关键稀土元素实施出口限制，引发全球制造商担忧。出口许可审批流程模糊与延迟正阻碍稀土材料流通，影响包括电动汽车生产在内的多个行业。西方国家及巴西、印度等国正探索稀土替代来源和扩大国内生产，来降低对中国的依赖。

休战预期未兑现：稀土供应链警报拉响

此前中美关税战按下 “暂停键”（至少 90 天），许多人预计稀土和永磁体出口将很快恢复至贸易战前水平。但实际情况并非如此，市场内部人士已预警全球稀土供应可能出现严重短缺。

积极信号与执行困境并存

中国已向部分企业发放出口许可证，包括向欧洲客户供应稀土的厂商。路透社报道称，一家向大众汽车供应稀土磁体的生产商获得许可。自今年 4 月中国收紧出口以来，四家磁体生产商的获得出口许可证。

尽管北京开始批准部分稀土出口，但实际落地中关键矿产加工仍持续延迟，令汽车、国防等依赖稀土的行业（包括美国企业）感到不安。

七类稀土出口限制延续，美欧产业承压

CNBC 报道指出，贸易休战期间，中国对 28 家美国企业暂时取消出口限制，但对七种稀土元素（钐、钆、铽、镝、镥、钪、钇）的出口限制仍未解除。这些元素对美国国防和能源领域至关重要。

供应链专家指出，尽管 5 月 14 日关税调整落地，但高关税的全面影响尚未明确。即便美中进入谈判期，订单取消和贸易路线转移导致贸易流动难以快速回升。他建议进出口企业密切关注 8 月中旬到期的 90 天窗口期内的动态。

德国工业联合会执行董事会成员沃尔夫冈・尼德马克称，尽管中国商务部在延迟数周后批准了部分对欧出口许可，但限制欧洲稀土依赖型产业重大损失的 “时间窗口” 正迅速关闭。特斯拉、洛克希德・马丁等美国企业也在投资者简报中表达了对供应状况的担忧。

中国称出口放缓因 “用途承诺” 争议

中方要求稀土和磁体进口商承诺相关材料仅用于电动汽车，而非军事用途，并指政府背书流程延迟了出口审批，影响范围包括印度等主要电动汽车市场。

尤其值得关注的是，中国新出口限制涉及钕铁硼磁体 —— 电动汽车电机、动力转向和制动系统的核心部件，这导致电动汽车制造商面临稀土磁体短缺风险。

“不可靠实体清单” 与战略矿产管控加码

CNBC 称，中国在 90 天休战期内，将 28 家美国企业从两用物品出口管制名单中暂时移除，并将 17 家企业从 “不可靠实体清单” 中剔除。但同日，中国商务部强调将加大稀土走私打击力度，以国家安全为由强化对战略矿产的政府管控。

被管制的 28 家美国企业多与国防领域相关，其中 16 家于 4 月 4 日（特朗普宣布对中国商品加征大规模关税后不久）被列入清单，另有 12 家于 4 月 9 日（特朗普宣布对除中国外所有国家暂停加征关税当日）加入。

目前，从中国出口两用物品仍需商务部批准，而 “不可靠实体清单” 上的企业仍被禁止在华贸易或新增投资。

印度 “desperation” 与西方供应链多元化

全球供应危机迫使印度车企考虑极端措施：不惜重新设计车型以适配中国标准电机尺寸，直接采购中国整机电动机组件。当地车企已开始与政府讨论寻找替代来源，但这一过程需时漫长。

美国和巴西等国正加速稀土开采与精炼。中国占据全球 70% 的稀土开采量和 90% 的加工量，形成垄断格局。加拿大 Aclara Resources 公司正开发巴西稀土矿，并计划在美国建设加工厂，其客户包括由五角大楼资助、在南卡罗来纳州建厂的德国 VAC 公司（巴西拥有全球第二大稀土储量）。

欧美也在推进稀土 “去中国化”：欧盟目标是实现 40% 关键原材料本土加工，但这些努力至少需要五年才能见效。

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贸易休战下稀土供应链压力仍持续

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