美国关键矿产目录可能增加矿种分析

基础金属	铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁
稀有金属	稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒
新能源	锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

基础金属

铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁

稀有金属

稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼 稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆 贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒

新能源

锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰 锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

美国关键矿产目录可能增加矿种分析

2025-08-12 09:22:01 来源：自然资源部责任编辑：袁梦

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据Mining.com网站报道，年底前，美国地质调查局(USGS)将公布修改后的关键矿产目录，这将改变国防战略和储备。美国2020年《能源法案》(The Energy Act)要求内务部(Department of the Interior，DoI)每三年审查一次，因此未来的USGS关键矿产目录将是2022年来首次更新。

这是新政府的新目录，它将反映总统的战略目标和优先选项。特朗普总统的行政令已经说明了他的关键矿产政策取向。对可能新列入关键矿产目录的矿种进行分析能够提供对越来越清晰的战略的洞察：对更多材料进行更有针对性的干预。

这些认识大多来自第14241号令或者增加美国矿产量的紧急措施。在这项命令中，特朗普总统下令联邦机构加快矿产品生产，措施包括许可、土地使用和应急电力等方面的改革。为达到这项行政令的目标，他还责成将铜、铀、钾和金列为关键矿产。

过去6个月中，少数材料比铜吸引了更多关注。2月份，特朗普下令对进口铜带来的国家安全风险进行232调查。7月份前，他还对铜半成品和多种衍生产品施加50%关税。虽然在电动汽车、AI基础设施和其他工业应用推动下，2030年铜需求量将增长一倍，但它并没有在2022年被USGS列入关键矿产目录。这似乎要发生变化。

第14241号行政令还要求将金列为关键矿产。虽然不像铜或锂一样在工业上应用那么广泛，但金在某些商业和国防技术中有少量应用。

另外，该行政令认为钾应该在关键矿产范围之内。涉及多种含钾重矿物用于化肥的钾列为关键矿产并非没有先例。2024年3月份一项未获通过的法案要求USGS将钾与磷酸盐一起列为关键矿产。但并未像其他材料一样，钾在2022年被USGS从关键矿产目录剔除。美国钾消费的90%以上依赖进口，且80%来自加拿大。

不像第14241行政令中的其他材料，铀列入USGS的2025关键矿产目录面临障碍。《2020能源法案》规定，燃料矿产不能列为关键矿产。但是，尽管铀作为当局核能宏伟目标中的燃料，铀仍完全有可能被列为关键矿产。

最后，《大而美法案》(One Big Beautiful Bill Act，OBBBA)将炼焦煤列为可享受关键矿产税收抵免的商品。炼焦煤，或者用于炼钢的煤在2029年前可享受2.5%的税收抵免。与铜更相似，将炼焦煤列入符合这位总统232调查和对钢铁征收关税的政策取向。这些措施将极大地推动美国国内钢铁及其原材料生产。

对USGS关键矿产可能新增矿种的分析提出了一个显而易见的问题：如果列入目录会对生产带来什么影响?

在某些方面，作为关键矿产益处在减少。OBBBA已经完全废除第45X税收抵免政策，却给煤炭提供了在2034年前享受相当于生产成本10%的税收抵免激励政策。不过，考虑到当局试图加快关键矿产项目审批，这种政策设计能够促进必要的联邦审批以加快开发生产。

这些可能的新增关键矿产符合美国当局的矿产战略：给予一系列矿产“一矿一策”的支持。美国国防部(DOD)与芒廷帕斯材料公司(MP Materials)成功签署协议后，美国政府暗示可能会签署更多协议以支持矿产品生产。但是稀土生产(市场规模4亿美元)保底价政策可能不适合于全球市场规模达到3000亿美元的铜。关键矿产目录扩大意味着战略更加多样：实现矿产安全没有万全之策。

过去三年世界已经发生了变化。不管USGS是全部列入或都不列入上述矿产，未来的关键矿产目录都会反应出这些变化。

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美国关键矿产目录可能增加矿种分析

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