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美国重启电动汽车充电桩建设补贴计划

2025-08-13 10:11:43 来源：北方有色网责任编辑：石林

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据外媒消息，在美国联邦法院裁定交通部此前冻结电动车充电桩建设资金的行为越权后，特朗普政府于近日发布新指导方针，明确各州使用联邦充电补贴资金的规则。这一调整意味着停滞数月的美国电动汽车基础设施计划将重新启动，但政策方向已出现明显转向。

资金重启背后：司法与行政的角力

美国电动汽车基础设施计划源自 2021 年拜登签署的两党基础设施法案，其中包含 50 亿美元专项补贴用于充电设施建设。今年 2 月，特朗普政府领导的交通部以 "不赞成补贴绿色能源" 为由暂停该计划，被视为削减电动车财政支持的重要举措。

然而，联邦法院 6 月判决指出，交通部暂停计划的行为超越行政权限，构成对国会立法意志的干预。在此背景下，交通部长 Sean Duffy 8 月 11 日发表声明称："尽管不赞成补贴绿色能源，但将尊重国会意志，确保计划高效使用联邦资源。"

政策调整核心：简化流程与削减民生环保条款并行

新指导方针的核心变化体现在两个维度：

简化申请环节：明确将减少繁琐手续、优化申请流程，便利各州获取补贴资金。该 50 亿美元补贴计划将于 2026 年逐步停止。
削减民生与环保要求：取消原政策中多项关键条款，包括要求保障弱势社区充电 access、鼓励使用工会劳动力、制定消费者保护规则、紧急疏散计划、环境选址标准、抗灾能力评估及极端天气应对策略等。

值得注意的是，在充电网络布局方面，新方针取消了 "充电站间距不超过 50 英里才算走廊建设完成" 的硬性要求，允许各州自行决定高速快充站间距。此前，只有满足 50 英里间距标准，各州才能将资金用于非主要高速公路的充电项目。

行业影响待观察

此次政策调整引发业内对美国电动车基础设施建设质量的担忧。有分析认为，削减弱势社区保障、环保评估和抗灾要求可能导致充电网络布局失衡，加剧能源 access 不平等问题，同时降低设施应对极端天气的能力。但简化流程或能加速充电设施建设进度，短期内推动充电桩数量增长。

目前，各州如何根据新规则制定具体实施方案，以及政策调整对美国电动车普及进程的实际影响，仍有待进一步观察。

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