海洋生物保护条约有助于海底保护

基础金属	铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁
稀有金属	稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒
新能源	锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

基础金属

铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁

稀有金属

稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼 稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆 贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒

新能源

锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰 锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

海洋生物保护条约有助于海底保护

2025-09-25 17:23:18 来源：自然资源部责任编辑：袁梦

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据Mining.com网站报道，本周在纽约即将举行联合国气候峰会以及各国领导人大会，新批准的海洋生物保护条约预计将更加引发人们对深海采矿的反对。

《公海条约》(The High Seas Treaty)，即官方所谓的《国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性》(Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction，BBNJ)将于明年1月生效。上周五(19日)摩洛哥成为第60个批准该条约的国家后就满足了联合国条约生效所需的条件。

该条约的制定历时二十年，旨在国际水域建立大面积保护区，目标是在2030年实现对30%的海洋面积进行保护，并遏制生物多样性的丧失。

尽管该条约没有直接提及采矿，但它要求各国政府与总部位于牙买加的国际海底管理局(International Seabed Authority，ISA)等机构合作。ISA尚未批准在国际水域进行商业采矿。

环境保护主义者欢迎这个突破。“这是一个难得的保护机会”，非营利性国际环保组织自然资源保护委员会(Natural Resources Defense Council)国际海洋计划主管丽莎·斯皮尔(Lisa Speer)在一份声明中表示。

世界自然基金会(WWF)全球总干事克斯滕·斯海特(Kirsten Schuijt)称其为“国家管辖范围之外的世界三分之二海洋保护的转折点”。

并非障碍

尽管环保人士反对，但多国仍在推进海底矿产开采计划。在该条约越过批准门槛数小时后，印度与ISA签署了一项为期15年的合同，获得在印度洋勘探多金属硫化物的专属权。印度目前掌控ISA授权此类矿床最大的勘探区，并在该地区开展了深海试验。

印度还寻求在太平洋获得勘探镍、锰和铜的许可证。

法国是迄今为止唯一批准公海条约的G7国家，但本周在纽约举办的联合国气候峰会上会有更多国家这样做。

美国在拜登执政期间批准了该条约，但特朗普总统没有批准，现在不清楚他是否会批准。华盛顿已经越过联合国监管机构向私企颁发了深海采矿证。

特朗普政府将海底采矿视为确保关键矿产安全、减少对外国供应链依赖的一项战略。一位白宫官员表示，未来10年，深海采矿有望创造10万个就业岗位，并为美国经济增加数千亿美元收入。

企业行动迅速。来自加利福尼亚州的非凡金属公司(Impossible Metals)同时依据美国法律和通过ISA申请勘探权，目标是太平洋的克拉利昂-克利珀顿区域(Clarion-Clipperton Zone，CCZ)，该地区蕴藏着丰富的多金属结核资源，富含铜、镍、锰和其他对于电动汽车极为重要的金属。

4月份，加拿大梅塔斯公司(The Metals Company，TMC)申请了商业许可，并于6月份获得了韩国高丽锌业(Korea Zinc)8520万美元的投资。高丽锌业能够将TMC开采的矿石精炼成电池级金属。

海底采矿支持者认为，其环境影响比陆地采矿小。反对者则反驳说，人们对深海的认识仍不足，破坏脆弱的生态系统可能会对海洋生物带来一连串的灾难。

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海洋生物保护条约有助于海底保护

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