中国升级战略资源出口管控钨、碲、铋等关键材料及技术列入管制清单

基础金属	铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁
稀有金属	稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒
新能源	锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

基础金属

铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁

稀有金属

稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼 稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆 贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒

新能源

锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰 锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

中国升级战略资源出口管控钨、碲、铋等关键材料及技术列入管制清单

2025-02-18 15:40:05 来源：北方有色网责任编辑：韩泽楷

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根据《中华人民共和国出口管制法》等法律法规，经国务院批准，中国自即日起对钨、碲、铋、钼、铟等五类战略性金属物项及相关技术实施出口管制。此举旨在维护国家安全与利益，履行国际防扩散义务，涉及材料广泛覆盖军工、半导体、量子计算等尖端领域。

一、管制核心范围：关键材料+核心技术

1. 钨及其衍生材料（占全球供应80%以上）

高纯度钨制品：包括仲钨酸铵（年出口量约3万吨）、氧化钨（全球光伏镀膜核心材料）及碳化钨（硬质合金刀具原料），海关编码涵盖2841801000等；
军工级钨合金：要求密度>17.5g/cm³、抗拉强度>1270MPa的钨镍铁/铜合金（用于导弹发动机部件）；
加工技术管控：涉及超精密圆柱体（直径≥120mm）、管材（壁厚≥25mm）的制造工艺。

2. 碲化合物（光伏与红外技术关键材料）

碲化镉（CdTe）单晶/多晶（光伏薄膜电池核心，中国产能占全球60%）；
碲化镉锌/汞（红外探测器材料，军用夜视设备关键组件）。

3. 铋基材料（量子计算与芯片制造潜力领域）

金属铋（年产量1.8万吨，全球占比75%）及锗酸铋（光电子器件材料）；
有机铋化合物（三苯基铋等，用于半导体光刻胶）。

4. 高精度钼粉（航空航天特种材料）

纯度≥97%、粒径≤50μm的钼粉（火箭喷管涂层原料）。

5. 铟化合物（新一代通信技术基础）

磷化铟（InP，5G/6G射频芯片衬底材料）；
三甲基铟（MOCVD工艺关键前驱体）。

二、技术封锁升级：全产业链覆盖

除实体材料外，本次管制首次明确将 “生产工艺技术资料” 纳入管控范围，包括：

高密度钨合金熔炼参数（涉及3D打印定向凝固技术）；
碲化镉薄膜沉积工艺（光伏转换效率突破25%的核心know-how）；
铋基拓扑绝缘体合成程序（量子芯片基础研究领域）。

三、出口合规要求

企业出口上述物项需向商务部申请许可，审批标准将重点关注：

进口方最终用户真实性（需提供终端用途证明）；
技术外溢风险评估（防止逆向工程及军事转化）；
国际制裁清单匹配审查（遵守联合国等多边协议）。

四、行业影响分析

1. 全球供应链震荡

中国控制全球90%的铋、80%的钨、70%的碲供应，管制或导致国际光伏、半导体企业原料库存告急；
美国军工企业依赖中国碳化钨（F-35战机引擎涂层材料），短期难寻替代来源。

2. 国内产业升级机遇

倒逼企业向精密加工跃迁：如将仲钨酸铵加工为光伏镀膜用超细钨丝（附加值提升300%）；
刺激国产替代：高纯磷化铟（5G基站芯片）本土化生产进程加速。

3. 技术博弈深化
此次管制直指美国《芯片与科学法案》对华技术封锁，体现中国在战略资源领域的反制能力。

五、专家解读

中国金属学会副会长李明指出：“此次管制并非‘全面禁运’，而是通过许可证制度实现精准调控。建议企业建立合规体系，同时加大铋基量子材料、钨极紫外光刻等前沿领域研发，将资源优势转化为技术话语权。”

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中国升级战略资源出口管控 钨、碲、铋等关键材料及技术列入管制清单

二、技术封锁升级：全产业链覆盖

三、出口合规要求

四、行业影响分析

五、专家解读

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中国升级战略资源出口管控钨、碲、铋等关键材料及技术列入管制清单