重大突破！中国稀土电驱开采技术取得新进展

基础金属	铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁
稀有金属	稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒
新能源	锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

基础金属

铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁

稀有金属

稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼 稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆 贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒

新能源

锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰 锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

重大突破！中国稀土电驱开采技术取得新进展

2025-02-20 08:53:35 来源：北方有色网责任编辑：管理员

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近日，中国科学院广州地球化学研究所在稀土电驱开采技术方面取得新进展，克服了规模化应用中的技术瓶颈，相关成果于北京时间 2025 年 1 月 6 日在线发表在《自然 - 可持续》（Nature Sustainability）。

风化壳型稀土矿是我国优势矿种，为全世界提供了 90% 以上的中重稀土。然而，传统的风化壳型稀土开采工艺 —— 铵盐原地浸取技术存在生态环境破坏严重、浸出周期长、资源利用效率低等问题，2018 年以后已被我国禁用。为解决风化壳型稀土矿绿色高效开采的问题，2023 年广州地化所率先提出了一种绿色、高效、经济和快速的电驱开采技术理念，完成了原理可行性验证并取得初步的实验成果。但在实际应用过程中，该技术仍面临一系列问题和挑战，主要包括电极在潮湿和侵蚀性环境中长期运行的稳定性、大规模矿区应用时可能出现的浸出液泄漏，以及地下水文条件和矿体结构对稀土采收率的复杂影响。

为此，广州地化所朱建喜研究员、何宏平院士团队通过深入凝练科学问题及核心技术攻关，进一步发展和完善了稀土电驱开采新技术。通过研发新型防腐蚀低阻耗的惰性导电材料，设计高压防渗策略，以及创新性地采用周期性交替通电方法，将该技术成功应用于 5000 吨土方规模的稀土矿中试开采。

针对常规金属电极在土壤环境中易被腐蚀的问题，研究团队开发了一种新型塑料导电电极。该电极具有优异的导电性（200 S/m）和良好的耐电流冲击能力（70 A，两个月无损）。同时，由于塑料表面的疏水性，该电极能够防止电化学腐蚀和减少水电解，并因其柔韧性可以更紧密地贴合矿体表面，从而提高电驱开采过程的效率。

实际矿山结构复杂、裂隙发育严重，浸取剂和稀土浸出液在重力作用下常沿着裂隙快速迁移、泄漏，导致稀土采收率降低。为此，研究团队设计了一种高压防渗策略，通过高压电场将浸出液封闭在指定收集区，同时利用电迁移和电渗原理控制稀土浸出液向集液池定向迁移。这一创新策略有效避免了传统开采中的 “跑冒滴漏”，解决了传统开采中稀土浸出液无序流动和环境污染的难题，为高效、安全的稀土开采提供了创新性解决方案。

在实际开采过程中，电极数量众多并相互干扰，且长时间通电会引起电荷累积，降低通电效率并增加能耗。为此，研究团队设计了周期性交替通电方法。通过周期性切换阳极与阴极，有效减少了电极极化现象，提升了电流效率。此外，通过给局部区域轮换通电，利用停电期间的额外扩散作用促进了浸取剂和稀土离子的交换反应，提高了稀土采收率。相比给全区域同时通电，该方法可显著节约电能，降低了成本。

通过 60 天的通电开采，工业试验的稀土采收率达到了 95% 以上。环境监测结果表明，地下水和地表水中的氨氮排放量相比传统开采工艺减少了 95%，极大降低了稀土开采的环境影响。基于技术经济分析，电驱开采技术在不计入环境修复成本的情况下，与传统开采技术的成本相当，但传统工艺的后期环境成本和生态修复费用（主要是氨氮污染）通常较高。电驱开采技术展现出潜在的经济可行性和环境优势。

《自然 - 可持续》审稿人指出，本项研究对稀土开采行业做出了宝贵贡献，在全球稀土需求急剧增长，迫切需要变革性、可持续的开采技术的背景下，相关研究及结果非常切合时宜，相较于当前的稀土开采方法，电驱开采技术能够显著改善环境影响。

相关系列研究成果发表在《自然 - 可持续》（Nature Sustainability）（2023, 2025）、《创新》（The Innovation）（2024）、《化学工程杂志》（CEJ）（2024）、《稀土学报》（JRE）（2024）等，授权专利 12 件（包含 3 件国际专利）。

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重大突破！中国稀土电驱开采技术取得新进展

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