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欧盟拟限制废铝出口平衡资源保护与产业利益

2025-11-21 16:37:52 来源：北方有色网责任编辑：王欣悦

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欧盟贸易专员马罗斯·塞夫科维奇(Maros Sefcovic)于11月18日表示，欧盟委员会正计划出台废铝出口限制措施，以遏制区域内铝资源的大量外流，保障本土铝产业供应链安全。这一政策动向背后，是欧盟废铝出口量的持续激增与全球铝资源竞争格局的深刻变化。

欧洲铝业协会提供的数据显示，2024年欧盟铝废料出口量创下126万吨的历史纪录，较五年前增幅达50%，其中绝大部分流向亚洲市场。而进入2025年，这一外流趋势进一步加剧，仅第一季度欧盟对美国的废铝出口量就较上年同期增长近两倍，达到6028公吨。这种双重外流压力，直接引发了欧盟本土铝生产商的原料短缺担忧。

美国的关税政策被认为是加剧欧盟废铝外流的重要推手。欧盟业界指出，美国总统特朗普对进口成品铝征收50%的高额关税，却仅对废铝征收15%的进口关税，这种差异化税率形成了明显的市场套利空间。这一政策不仅促使大量欧盟废铝流向美国，还导致原本依赖美国供应的亚洲买家将采购重心转向欧盟市场，进一步放大了欧盟的资源外流压力。欧洲铝业协会总干事保罗·沃斯直言，欧洲企业已难以与亚洲买家竞争，后者凭借较低的环保标准和成本优势，往往能给出更高报价。

针对这一局面，欧盟委员会从2025年7月起已启动废铝出口监测工作，并着手评估政策干预的必要性。塞夫科维奇透露，相关限制措施预计将于2026年春季正式通过，政策制定过程中会充分兼顾铝生产商、回收企业及下游应用行业的多元利益，力求实现产业平衡发展。

尽管欧盟官方态度明确，但政策推进仍面临争议。长期反对出口限制的欧洲回收组织(EuRIC)明确表达了担忧，该组织指出欧盟委员会的监测数据并未证实存在"废料外流危机"，强调回收商应充分参与政策磋商过程。"我们期待一场基于事实、具有建设性的政治讨论，"EuRIC在声明中表示，其同时解释，部分废铝出口源于欧盟内部处理能力不足与需求缺口，简单限制出口并非最优解。

这场政策博弈的核心，在于废铝资源对欧盟脱碳战略的关键价值。数据显示，通过回收废铝生产再生铝，较从铝土矿冶炼原铝可节省95%的能源，同时减少92%的碳排放，这对铝工业实现低碳转型至关重要。欧洲铝业协会指出，本土企业已累计投资7亿欧元提升再生铝产能至1200万吨，废铝资源的稳定供应直接关系到这些投资价值的实现与脱碳目标的达成。

目前，全球已有包括印度在内的48个国家对金属废料实施出口管制，欧盟的政策调整既是对国际资源竞争的回应，也是对本土产业安全的保障。分析认为，如何在限制出口与维护全球贸易秩序、平衡产业链各环节利益之间找到平衡点，将是欧盟后续政策细化的关键所在。

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欧盟拟限制废铝出口 平衡资源保护与产业利益

欧盟拟限制废铝出口平衡资源保护与产业利益