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格陵兰稀土矿博弈：机遇与挑战并存

2025-02-21 09:43:26 来源：北方有色网责任编辑：管理员

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一、特朗普言论引发矿业热潮

近期，国际矿业领域因美国总统特朗普再次表露购买格陵兰意向而掀起波澜。一家此前鲜为人知的澳大利亚初级矿业公司 —— 能源转型矿产公司（Energy Transition Minerals，ETM）瞬间成为全球瞩目的焦点。今年 1 月份的前两周，ETM 公司股价涨幅惊人，一度飙升 150%，即便到当下，涨幅仍维持在 75% 以上。投资者们纷纷揣测，特朗普的这一意向或许将成为 ETM 公司停滞许久的科瓦内湾（Kvanefjeld ）稀土矿重启的关键契机。

二、格陵兰地缘战略价值凸显

美国历史上曾三度试图将格陵兰岛纳入囊中，特朗普执政期间亦有此举。格陵兰虽为丹麦自治领地，但其地理位置特殊，相较哥本哈根，与纽约更近，宛如北美与欧洲之间的战略门户。特朗普认定该岛对美国国家安全意义非凡，而岛上蕴藏的丰富关键矿产，更是极大提升了其战略价值。正如 ETM 公司总经理丹尼尔・马马杜（Daniel Mamadou）在布里斯班参加资源新星夏季峰会（Resources Rising Stars Summer Series）所言：“我的观点是美国对格陵兰有兴趣主要是因为地缘战略和军事因素，矿产只是额外的财富。这是我个人的观点，但普遍认为所有一切都是因为矿产，尽管美国本身关键矿产也很丰富。”

三、科瓦内湾稀土矿概况

投资与资源储备：ETM 公司前身为格陵兰矿物和能源公司（Greenland Minerals & Energy），2007 年购入科瓦内湾项目，至今已豪掷约 1.5 亿澳元（9490 万美元）。该矿堪称世界最大未开发稀土矿之一，矿石资源量高达 10.1 亿吨，稀土氧化物品位达 1.1%，且位于格陵兰南部，凭借深水港口可实现全年通航，开发条件得天独厚。
审批进程与支持力量：ETM 公司全力推进项目，已圆满完成环境和社会影响评估工作，2020 年顺利获得格陵兰政府批准。公司总经理马马杜表示：“长期以来我们一直得到大力支持，至少在努克获得了格陵兰商业协会和贸易工会的支持。” 近期马马杜访问格陵兰时，与格陵兰最大贸易工会 SIK 主席杰斯・贝特尔森（Jess Berthelsen）会晤，后者再度确认对项目的支持态度。不过，项目推进之路并非坦途，在矿区附近的纳萨克镇仍遭遇少数人抗议，好在当地企业主坚定站在支持阵营。马马杜感慨：“我认为，正如经常发生的那样，沉默的大多数人正在被极少数的声音淹没。”

四、开发困境与法律纠纷

禁铀法案阻碍：2021 年，格陵兰左翼工人党（Inuit Ataqatigiit，IA）颁布第 20 号法令 —— 禁铀法案（Uranium Act），规定铀含量超过 0.01% 的矿床禁止勘探开发。科瓦内湾铀品位 0.0266%，铀资源量 5.928 亿磅，这一法案直接将 ETM 公司挡在开发许可证门外。马马杜愤懑道：“我认为，对我们的项目追溯适用第 20 号法案事实上相当于没收了我们的项目。”
法律维权之路：ETM 公司与格陵兰政府协商无果后，果断启动纠纷仲裁程序，2023 年提交索赔声明，并在格陵兰和丹麦法院双双提起法律诉讼。马马杜在会议上明确表示：“我们寻求赔偿。第三方估计该项目价值 75 亿美元，外加 40 亿美元的累计利息。但是，我们的主要目的不是补偿 —— 我们希望该项目能够重回开发之路。”

五、未来展望与转机

大选带来希望：即将来临的格陵兰大选成为各方关注焦点。尽管过往格陵兰铀政策摇摆不定，但已有部分政治团体表态支持科瓦内湾项目。马马杜满怀期待：“我们与当地政府合作，但坦诚地说，我们目前的情况再糟糕不过了。我们期待新政府能带来什么。”
公司发展新动态：特朗普对格陵兰的评论以及小唐纳德・特朗普的到访，重燃当地政治未来争论之火。与此同时，ETM 公司积极谋变，任命前澳大利亚外交部长朱莉・毕晓普（Julie Bishop）为战略顾问，股价上扬助力公司融资 935 万澳元，现金储备一举突破 2000 万澳元，且美国主要机构投资者对该项目兴趣渐浓。

六、影响深远

格陵兰稀土矿的未来走向，不仅关乎 ETM 公司命运，更将重塑国际稀土产业格局。若项目顺利重启，美国稀土供应链有望进一步多元化，全球稀土供需平衡亦将改写；反之，ETM 公司前期巨额投入或付诸东流，格陵兰经济发展也将错失良机。这场围绕格陵兰稀土矿的博弈，充满变数，值得持续关注。

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[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `tb_cate` WHERE `pid` = 17 AND ( `id` < 3871 AND `id` NOT IN (25,3243,3244) ) ORDER BY `sortid` ASC [ RunTime:0.002432s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `tb_cate` WHERE `pid` = 3 AND ( `id` < 3871 AND `id` NOT IN (25,3243,3244) ) ORDER BY `sortid` ASC [ RunTime:0.002373s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `tb_advert` WHERE `id` = 48 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000431s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `tb_advert` WHERE `id` = 49 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000408s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `tb_advert` WHERE `id` = 50 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000389s ]
[ SQL ] SELECT * FROM `tb_para` WHERE `id` = 1 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000527s ]