欧盟碳边境调节机制收紧全球贸易绿色门槛再抬高

基础金属	铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁
稀有金属	稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒
新能源	锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

基础金属

铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁

稀有金属

稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼 稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆 贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒

新能源

锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰 锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

欧盟碳边境调节机制收紧全球贸易绿色门槛再抬高

2025-12-16 11:24:50 来源：北方有色网责任编辑：王欣悦

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欧盟近期披露的碳边境调节机制(CBAM)修订草案显示，其计划进一步收紧关键商品的碳排放基准值，这一调整将从2026年初正式生效，直接导致进口至欧盟的铝、水泥等商品碳成本显著上升，全球高碳产业正面临新一轮绿色压力。

机制核心目标：平衡碳成本与推动全球减排

作为欧盟应对"碳泄漏"的核心贸易工具，碳边境调节机制的本质是通过对进口商品的隐含碳排放征收等额费用，使进口产品与欧盟本土工业品承担等效的碳成本。这一机制不仅为欧盟钢铁、铝等本土高耗能产业提供公平竞争环境，更以贸易杠杆推动全球减排协同，其与欧盟碳排放交易体系(EU ETS)的联动，已成为全球气候政策的重要风向标。

基准值精准下调：高排放生产商压力陡增

草案最核心的调整在于关键商品碳排放基准值的进一步收紧，其中未锻轧铝的二氧化碳排放强度基准从每吨金属1.464吨二氧化碳下调至1.423吨，灰色水泥熟料基准则从0.693下调至0.666吨二氧化碳。碳排放基准值的高低直接决定碳成本核算——基准值越低，意味着超出部分需缴纳的碳费用越高，对生产工艺落后、碳排放控制不足的企业形成更强约束。

值得关注的是，此次调整覆盖铝产业链全环节：再生铝(含废金属比例超50%)基准值设定为每吨0.091吨二氧化碳，较此前草案的0.139吨大幅降低;铝棒、线材等中间产品需在基础基准上增加0.056吨二氧化碳，而铝容器、铝箔等终端产品则需额外增加0.166吨二氧化碳，形成全链条的碳成本管控。

默认排放值落地：多国出口成本明确上涨

针对未能提供完整实际排放数据的进口商，草案明确了分国别、分产品的默认排放值，并引入未来三年每年10%的阶段性加价规则，倒逼企业完善碳数据管理。以当前欧盟碳价80欧元/吨计算，不同国家的出口成本差异显著：

莫桑比克作为欧盟2025年1-8月最大铝供应国，其出口原铝将面临约168欧元/吨的碳成本，该国主要铝冶炼企业Mozal每年出口欧盟的铝产品潜在碳税高达78.4百万欧元;

印度和阿联酋的进口铝成本将增加约51欧元/吨，两国未锻轧铝的默认排放值均为1.87吨二氧化碳/吨金属;

中国未锻轧铝的默认值高达3吨二氧化碳/吨金属，若按此计算，碳成本将达到126欧元/吨，显著高于主要竞争对手。

全球连锁反应：碳定价体系加速普及

欧盟碳边境调节机制的收紧已产生明确的政策外溢效应，推动全球碳定价体系加速发展。自2021年欧盟宣布该政策以来，中国、印度、巴西等主要经济体已着手构建或强化本土碳市场：中国正推进将水泥、电解铝等行业纳入全国碳市场，并完善核证自愿减排量(CCER)机制以提升国际认可度;印度则通过碳税与碳市场结合的方式，降低出口企业的合规成本。

这种趋势与欧盟的政策目标形成呼应。欧洲议会环境委员会指出，CBAM的最终目标是形成全球统一的碳定价标准，目前99%的高碳进口排放已被纳入管控，同时为年进口量低于50吨的中小企业设定豁免门槛，在强化气候目标的同时兼顾贸易公平。

未来修订方向：绿色贸易壁垒持续升级

欧盟计划于本周公布更多修订内容，核心将聚焦两大方向：一是强化反规避措施，若发现某国生产商存在规避行为，该国所有企业可能失去使用实际排放数据的权利，统一适用更高的默认值;二是扩大适用范围，除新增产品类别外，还将首次明确进入欧盟专属经济区(EEZ)的海上工程设备同样需遵守CBAM规则，填补此前的监管空白。

伴随欧盟碳价在2025年底稳定于80欧元/吨以上，且机构预测2030年可能突破142欧元/吨，全球贸易的绿色门槛正持续抬高。对于出口企业而言，建立全生命周期碳核算体系、获取第三方核查数据、参与本土碳市场交易，已成为进入欧盟市场的必备条件。

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