欧盟拟扩围碳边境调节机制筑牢碳贸易"防火墙"

基础金属	铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁
稀有金属	稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒
新能源	锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

基础金属

铜电解铜铜精矿铜管铜棒废铜铜排铜合金精铜杆再生铜杆铜板带铝铝土矿氧化铝电解铝铝辅料铝棒铝合金锭废铝铝杆铝型材铝板卷铅铅精矿铅锭铅蓄电池再生精铅还原铅废铅蓄电池铅合金锌锌精矿电解锌锌合金氧化锌锌粉锡锡精矿锡锭锡材镁

稀有金属

稀土稀土矿稀土氧化物稀土金属钕铁硼 稀散金属锑铋铟锗镓硒钽锆 贵金属白银钨钨精矿 APT(仲钨酸铵)钨粉碳化钨钨酸钠钨条钨铁钨材钼钼精矿工业氧化钼钼铁钼化工高纯三氧化钼钼金属钛钛精矿钛渣四氯化钛海绵钛钛金属钛白粉硒

新能源

锂锂矿锂化合物金属锂镍镍矿镍铁精炼镍镍盐高冰镍 MHP 钴电解钴钴粉氯化钴四氧化三钴硫酸钴钴中间品氧化钴碳酸钴钴酸锂锰锰矿电解锰电池级硫酸锰 锂电正负极三元前驱体磷酸铁正极材料石油焦针状焦包覆沥青人造石墨硅碳负极硅氧负极硅

欧盟拟扩围碳边境调节机制筑牢碳贸易"防火墙"

2025-12-17 09:43:20 来源：北方有色网责任编辑：王欣悦

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一份即将于周三正式发布的欧盟委员会提案草案显示，欧盟计划对标志性气候贸易政策——碳边境调节机制(CBAM，俗称"碳关税")进行首次重大范围扩容，将钢铁和铝产品价值链下游的更多进口产品纳入监管，以此精准封堵外国企业的规避漏洞，应对日益凸显的"碳泄漏"风险。

草案明确指出："该提案将扩大碳边境调节机制的范围，以应对目前已纳入该机制范围的钢铁和铝产品价值链下游产品可能出现的'碳泄漏'风险。"这一表述标志着欧盟CBAM政策已从针对高碳原材料的"基础防线"，向覆盖终端制成品的"全产业链闭环"升级。

政策背景：从过渡期漏洞看扩围必要性

欧盟碳边境调节机制自2023年10月进入过渡期以来，初始监管范围聚焦于钢铁、铝、水泥等六大类高碳排放初级工业原材料。但在过渡期实践中，欧盟委员会发现企业规避行为已初现端倪：部分企业通过将钢坯简单加工为初级制品、调整产品形态或转移生产地等方式，人为降低碳成本核算规模，导致政策执行效果打折扣。

这种"碳泄漏"现象正是欧盟此次扩围的直接动因。所谓碳泄漏，即欧盟生产商为规避高昂碳成本将生产转移至气候政策宽松地区，或欧盟买家转向进口低碳价地区产品，最终导致全球碳排放总量未减反增。而钢铁和铝作为基础工业原料，其下游产业链延伸极广，从汽车零部件到家电外壳，均可能成为规避监管的"灰色地带"。

扩围核心：下游终端品成监管新焦点

尽管草案尚未明确下游产品的具体清单，但结合欧盟7月启动的公众咨询内容及行业预测，此次扩围方向已清晰可见。钢铁下游的汽车车门、轮毂、工业机械轴承，铝下游的家电外壳、电子产品组件、厨卫用品等终端消费品，大概率将被纳入首批扩围名单。

这一调整将使CBAM的"碳足迹"核算边界实现根本性延伸。以出口欧盟的汽车为例，未来其碳成本不仅包含发动机钢材的生产排放，连单个车门、螺丝等零部件的隐含碳排放都将被单独计价。据德勤分析，此前中国对欧出口中受CBAM直接影响的钢铝制品占比约4%，而扩围后，机械制造、白色家电、汽车零部件等行业将全面承压，受影响贸易额将呈指数级增长。

反规避组合拳：从"撒网"到"收网"的监管升级

若说扩大范围是"撒网"，强化反规避措施则是欧盟此次提案的"收网"关键。针对已出现的规避行为，草案设计了三重监管防线：

申报精度升级：要求企业额外披露详细生产技术路径和核心成分构成，彻底压缩模糊申报空间，避免"化整为零"的拆分规避。

动态审查机制：建立每两年一次的定期审查制度，持续评估政策执行中的新漏洞并及时封堵，确保监管与产业变化同步。

重罚威慑：明确违规行为将面临数倍于标准金额的高额罚款，使CBAM从基于信任的报告机制，转变为刚性监管体系。

全球影响：产业链重构与政策博弈加剧

CBAM扩围将引发全球产业链的连锁反应。在欧盟内部，家电制造商等下游产业对此表示支持，认为此举能实现"公平竞争";而汽车等复杂供应链行业则担忧增加成本与行政负担。为平衡本土产业利益，欧盟同步研究设立出口补贴机制，但这一政策可能触及WTO规则红线，此前俄罗斯已就类似措施提出过诉讼。

作为欧盟重要贸易伙伴，中国已启动实质性应对。2025年钢铁行业被正式纳入全国碳市场管控，核心目标之一便是通过碳规则互认，扩大欧盟认可的碳价抵扣范围，帮助企业对冲CBAM成本。与此同时，英国等经济体也计划跟进推出本国CBAM，全球碳贸易规则体系正加速形成。

据悉，这份提案草案发布后，将进入欧盟理事会与欧洲议会的审议流程。随着2026年CBAM正式实施期的临近，这场覆盖全球高碳产业链的政策调整，正推动各国从碳成本被动接受者向规则主动参与者转变。

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